The Caliphate of Córdoba didn’t collapse because of foreign conquest—it fell apart from within. After decades of prosperity under powerful rulers like Abd al-Rahman III and Al-Hakam II, the succession ...

Cave and tunnel complexes that the Islamic State started constructing well before the collapse of the caliphate have become a core element of the group’s asymmetric war fighting strategy. In the ...

While the loss of the caliphate is recorded as a militaristic and historical event, embedded within this loss is a deep emotional and cultural attachment that is often overlooked, according to Prof.